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Gender Wage Gaps and Earnings Ratios in Ontario
ISBN: 978-1-4435-8241-4 (HTML)
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ISBN: 978-1-4435-8240-7 (Print)
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Table of Contents
- Purpose
- Using this Data
- Comparing Average Hourly Wage Rates
- Data Sources
- All Workers
- Age
- Education
- Disability Status
- Immigrant Status
- Occupations
- Workers Covered by Unions
- Part-time and Full-time Workers
- Public and Private Sector Workers
- Firm Size
- Conclusion: Monitoring Wages in Ontario
Appendix
Purpose
This document provides a snapshot of wage inequalities in Ontario. The wage gaps and earnings ratios of different groups of workers illustrate the inequalities men and women face as members of those groups.
Wage gaps describe differences in earnings between women and men workers. Female-to-male earnings ratio represents women's earnings as a percentage of those of men. Many times, only one single gender wage gap or earnings ratio is presented. However, it is well-known that some groups experience more disadvantage than others in terms of their earnings; thus it is more accurate to present the wage gap or earnings ratio for specific groups.
Using this Data
This document provides data that can help:
- To plan and evaluate services. This descriptive information about the relative importance of wage inequalities for different groups can form the basis for making decisions about how to allocate resources and what areas or groups to focus on in labour, training or specialized programs.
- To identify future areas for research. For example, what accounts for the differences in the female-to-male earnings ratio between younger compared older workers? or specific occupations that display high or low earnings ratios may be worthwhile to study.
It is important to note that the data only describes wage inequalities. Further investigation is required to analyze and explain what produces different levels of inequality for specific groups of workers.
Comparing Average Hourly Wage Rates
Average hourly wages were selected for comparison. The advantage of using hourly rates is that it enables comparisons of pay for similar jobs regardless of whether people work in those jobs on a full–time or part–time basis. In instances when it is important to consider for example, the impact of earnings differences on people's ability to support themselves and their families, then an annual rate or take-home rate that accounts for hours of work may be more appropriate.[ 1 ] However, for the purpose of this document, hourly wage rates suffice to provide current, baseline data on women's wages compared to men's with reference to what they do and where they work.
Data Sources
The charts and table report on Ontario data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). The LFS is a monthly survey that provides detailed information on labour force activity and employment estimates by industry, occupation, hours worked, as well as wages, union status, job permanency and workplace size. The SLID collects income and earnings information on individuals and the changes they experience over time.
This document relies on SLID data for wage information by immigrant and disability status, and public/ private sector since these variables not available from the LFS.
All Workers
From 1998 to 2008, the average hourly female-to-male earnings ratio ranged from 80% to 84% for full- and part-time Ontario workers over the age of 15 (Figure 1). In 2008, on average, men earned $3.94 more per hour than women (Table 1).
Figure 1
Average Hourly Wages and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio Ontario,
Full–time and Part–time Workers, 15 Years old and over
(CANISM TABLE 2820072)
| 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | $18.09 | $19.43 | $20.39 | $21.32 | $22.40 | $24.13 |
| Female | $14.71 | $15.62 | $16.59 | $17.48 | $18.86 | $20.19 |
| Female-to-Male earnings ratio | 81% | 80% | 81% | 82% | 84% | 84% |
Age
- The female-to-male earnings ratio varies by age (Figure 2). With an earnings ratio of 91%, younger women (15 to 24 years old) have the strongest earning power in relation to their male counterparts although both young men and young women earn relatively low hourly wages compared to older workers (Table 2).
- The earnings ratio is lowest for workers over 55 years old compared to the younger and middle age groups although it has increased steadily between 1998 and 2008. As Ontario's population ages,
Figure 2
Female-to-Male Ratio (hourly) By Age, Ontario
(Cansim Table 2820072)
| 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 to 24 years old |
Males | $9.81 | $10.51 | $10.77 | $10.98 | $11.51 | $12.38 |
| Females | $8.87 | $9.27 | $9.55 | $9.85 | $10.72 | $11.23 | |
| Female-to-Male earnings ratio | 90% | 88% | 89% | 90% | 93% | 91% | |
| 25 to 54 years old | Males | $19.59 | $21.18 | $22.24 | $23.28 | $24.52 | $26.43 |
| Females | $15.97 | $17.09 | $18.25 | $19.14 | $20.60 | $22.06 | |
| Female-to-Male earnings ratio | 82% | 81% | 82% | 82% | 84% | 83% | |
| 55 years and over | Males | $20.19 | $21.89 | $22.85 | $23.99 | $24.46 | $26.30 |
| Females | $15.12 | $16.02 | $16.69 | $18.49 | $20.08 | $21.60 | |
| Female-to-Male earnings ratio | 75% | 73% | 73% | 77% | 82% | 82% |
Education
Higher education levels seem to benefit women in terms of their hourly wages in relation to men with similar education levels (Figure 9). The female-to-male earnings ratio increases as education level increases (Table 6).
Figure 3
Average Hourly Wage by Level of Education
Ontario, 2008
Source: Labour Force Survey
| Education Level | Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio |
|---|---|
| 0–8 years | 72% |
| Some secondary | 75% |
| Graduated secondary | 81% |
| Some post-secondary | 83% |
| Post-secondary certificate or diploma | 82% |
| University bachelor degree | 85% |
| University graduate degree | 87% |
Disability Status
- In 2006, women with disability experience a wage gap of $5.65 compared to men without disability (Figure 3), which is an earnings ratio of 75%.
- The wage gaps between men with and without disability ($1.53) and between women with and without disability ($1.00) do not appear to be very large. Men with disability earn more on an hourly basis than women without disability. This may reflect the possibility that people with disabilities encounter more barriers to securing employment but when they do, they earn wages comparable to their gender group.
Figure 4
Composite Hourly Wage by Sex and Disability Status, Ontario, 2006
Source: Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics
Figure 4 shows that, based on hourly wages, men without disability earn $22.98 while women without disability earn $18.33. Men with disability earn $21.45 and women with disability earn $17.33.
Immigrant Status
- In 2006, immigrant women earned an average of $6.60 per hour less than non-immigrant men (Figure 4) which is an earnings ratio of 73%.
- Immigrant men earn more per hour than non-immigrant women by $3.16.
Figure 5
Composite Hourly Wage by Sex and Immigrant Status, Ontario, 2006
Source: Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics
Figure 5 shows than, based on hourly wages, non-immigrant men earn $24.26 while non-immigrant women earn $19.53. Immigrant men earn $22.69 and immigrant women earn $17.66.
Occupations
- The best occupation for women seems to be professionals in health, registered nurses and nursing supervisors. In this category, they earn $31.66 per hour which is $11.47 over the average ($20.19) and the second highest hourly wage for all occupations for women. Although women in occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport have the highest earnings ratio of 99%, their hourly wage is $21.78.
- Earnings ratios are fairly high (over 90%) for many traditional women's jobs like sales, clerical, teachers, cooks, and childcare workers. However, women retail salespersons, and chefs and cooks are paid the lowest wages at $10.95 and $11.39 per hour respectively.
- In two job categories that employ the highest percentage of women workers—business, finance and administration, and sales and services (28% of women workers for both)—the earnings ratios are in the middle of the range at 84% and 77% respectively.
- The lowest earnings ratios are experienced by women in construction, machine operators, manufacturing, trades and transport jobs (66% to 75%). These jobs employ relatively fewer women (less than 1% to 5% of women workers), but their hourly wage is about mid-range ($15.31 occupations in processing, manufacturing and utilities to $18.83 for contractors and supervisors).
Figure 6
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio by Occupation
Ontario 2008
Canism Table 2820070 and 2820026
| Occupation | Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio |
|---|---|
| Contractors and Supervisors in trades and transportation | 66% |
| Other Trades | 72% |
| Trades, transport and equipment operators and related | 73% |
| Unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities | 73% |
| Machine Operators and assemblers in manufacturing, inlc. supervisors | 74% |
| Construction trades | 75% |
| Retail salespersons, sales clerks, cashiers, incl. retail trade supervisors | 77% |
| Sales and Service | 77% |
| Unique primary industry | 78% |
| Other management | 79% |
| Management | 79% |
| Social Science, government service and religion | 79% |
| Financial, secretarial and administrative | 80% |
| Transport and equipment operators | 80% |
| Labourer in processing, manufacturing and utilites | 81% |
| Trades helpers, construction, transportation labourers and related | 81% |
| Wholesale, technical, insurace, real estate sales | 82% |
| Professionals in business and finace | 82% |
| 15 years and over - all occupations | 84% |
| Business, finance and administrative | 84% |
| Protective services | 84% |
| Social science, education, government service and religion | 85% |
| Technical, assisting and related in health | 87% |
| Natural and applied sciences and related | 88% |
| Senior management | 90% |
| Childcare and home support workers | 91% |
| Chefs and cooks, and food and beverage service, incl. supervisors | 92% |
| Health occupations | 92% |
| Clerical occupations, incl. supervisors | 93% |
| Teachers and professors | 93% |
| Sales and service not elsewhere classified | 94% |
| Professionals in helath, registered nurses, nurse supervisors | 96% |
| Art, Culture, recreation and sport | 99% |
| 2008 | Total Employed | Number of Males | Number of Females | Share of females in occupation | Percent of employed females | Percent of employed males | Male Average Hourly Wage | Female Average Hourly Wage | Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 years and over – all occupations | 5,642,800 | 2,833,200 | 2,851,600 | 50% | 100% | 100% | $24.13 | $20.19 | 84% |
| Management | 465,700 | 272,400 | 193,300 | 42% | 7% | 10% | $38.13 | $30.28 | 79% |
| Senior mangement | 29,300 | 18,900 | 10,400 | 35% | 0% | 1% | $47.14 | $42.64 | 90% |
| Other management | 436,600 | 253,600 | 183,000 | 42% | 6% | 9% | $37.46 | $29.58 | 79% |
| Business, finance and administrative | 1,138,300 | 336,900 | 801,400 | 70% | 28% | 12% | $23.75 | $19.92 | 84% |
| Professionals in business and finance | 178,900 | 79,200 | 99,700 | 56% | 3% | 3% | $34.65 | $28.28 | 82% |
| Financial, secretarial and administrative | 307,500 | 55,700 | 251,800 | 82% | 9% | 2% | $25.82 | Â $20.70 | 80% |
| Clerical, including supervisors | 651,800 | 201,900 | 449,900 | 69% | 16% | 7% | $18.90 | $17.63 | 93% |
| Natural and applied | 445,600 | 336,000 | 109,600 | 25% | 4% | 12% | $31.93 | Â $28.14 | 88% |
| Health occupations | 326,400 | 41,000 | 285,400 | 87% | 10% | 1% | $27.67 | Â $25.44 | 92% |
| Professionals in health, nurse supervisors and registered nurses | 135,000 | 15,900 | 119,100 | 88% | 4% | 1% | $33.12 | $31.66 | 96% |
| Technical, assisting and related in health | 191,300 | 25,000 | 166,300 | 87% | 6% | 1% | $24.20 | $20.99 | 87% |
| Social science, education, government service and religion | 541,100 | 165,700 | 375,400 | 69% | 13% | 6% | $31.67 | $27.31 | 86% |
| Social science, government service and religion | 260,000 | 71,500 | 188,500 | 73% | 7% | 3% | $30.65 | $24.35 | 79% |
| Teachers and professors | 281,100 | 94,200 | 186,900 | 66% | 7% | 3% | $32.45 | $30.30 | 93% |
| Art, culture, recreation and sport | 146,900 | 64,300 | 82,600 | 56% | 3% | 2% | $21.91 | $21.78 | 99% |
| Sales and service | 1,387,800 | 591,200 | 796,600 | 57% | 28% | 21% | $16.57 | $12.81 | 77% |
| Wholesale, technical, insurance, real estate sales specialists | 149,000 | 88,100 | 60,900 | 41% | 2% | 3% | $24.92 | $20.33 | 82% |
| Retail salespersons, sales clerks, cashiers, including retail trade supervisors | 400,400 | 124,500 | 275,900 | 69% | 10% | 4% | $14.25 | $10.95 | 77% |
| Chefs and cooks, and food and beverage service, including supervisors | 183,900 | 77,700 | 106,20 | 58% | 4% | 3% | $12.41 | $11.39 | 92% |
| Protective services | 99,100 | 77,900 | 21,200 | 21% | 1% | 3% | $24.65 | $20.71 | 84% |
| Childcare and home support workers | 66,200 | 3,300 | 62,900 | 95% | 2% | 0% | $16.72 | $15.17 | 91% |
| Sales and service not elsewhere classified | 489,200 | 219,700 | 269,500 | 55% | 9% | 8% | $13.15 | $12.40 | 94% |
| Trades, transport and equipment operators and related | 766,200 | 715,100 | 51,100 | 7% | 2% | 25% | $21.52 | $15.65 | 73% |
| Contractors and supervisors in trades and transportation | 48,500 | 45,600 | 2,900 | 6% | 0% | 2% | $28.35 | $18.83 | 66% |
| Construction trades | 88,100 | 86,600 | 1,500 | 2% | 0% | 3% | $21.79 | $16.32 | 75% |
| Other trades | 315,200 | 302,100 | 13,100 | 4% | 0% | 11% | $22.91 | $16.44 | 72% |
| Transport and equipment operators | 182,700 | 166,100 | 16,600 | 9% | 1% | 6% | $19.59 | $15.76 | 80% |
| Trades helpers, construction, and transportation labourers and related | 131,700 | 114,700 | 17,000 | 13% | 1% | 4% | $17.74 | $14.33 | 81% |
| Unique to primary industry | 71,700 | 57,800 | 13,900 | 19% | 0% | 2% | $17.15 | $13.39 | 78% |
| Unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities | 395,000 | 252,800 | 142,200 | 36% | 5% | 9% | $20.85 | $15.31 | 73% |
| Machine operators and assemblers in manufacturing, including supervisors | 317,400 | 213,500 | 103,900 | 33% | 4% | 8% | $21.66 | $16.05 | 74% |
| Labourer in processing, manufacturing and utilities | 77,700 | 39,300 | 38,400 | 49% | 1% | 1% | $16.46 | $13.29 | 81% |
Workers Covered by Unions
- The average hourly wages of men and women workers both with and without union coverage have grown steadily from 1998 to 2008.
- The female-to-male earnings ratio for women compared to men with union coverage is higher than for women compared to men without coverage; however, the ratios seem relatively stable over the last ten years. Women workers with union coverage earn slightly more than men without union coverage.
- Women workers with union coverage earn slightly more than men without union coverage.
Figure 7
Average Hourly Wage by Sex and Union Coverage, Ontario
Permanent and Temporary Workers,
15 years and over
Canism Table 2820074
| 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Union coverage | Males | $20.36 | $21.42 | $22.44 | $23.88 | $25.00 | $26.83 |
| Females | $18.23 | $19.28 | $20.37 | $21.51 | $23.05 | $25.08 | |
| Female-to-male earnings ratio | 90% | 90% | 91% | 90% | 92% | 93% | |
| No union coverage | Males | $17.04 | $18.59 | $19.57 | $20.31 | $21.37 | $25.08 |
| Females | $13.47 | $14.26 | $15.14 | $15.97 | $17.26 | $18.33 | |
| Female-to-male earnings ratio | 79% | 77% | 77% | 79% | 81% | 79% |
Part–Time and Full–Time Workers
Part–time women workers do better than full-time women workers when compared to their male counterparts i.e. the female-to-male earnings ratio is higher for part–time than for full–time workers. However, part–time workers earn less per hour than full–time workers (Figure 7 and Table 5).
Figure 8
Average Hourly Wages by Full–time and Part–time Status,
15 years and over, Ontario
Canism Table 2820070
| 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-time workers | Males | $19.00 | $20.42 | $21.45 | $22.41 | $23.59 | $25.48 |
| Females | $15.83 | $16.87 | $18.00 | $18.89 | $20.41 | $21.86 | |
| Female-to-male earnings ratio | 83% | 83% | 84% | 84% | 87% | 86% | |
| Part-time workers | Males | $11.70 | $11.90 | $12.38 | $13.26 | $14.00 | $15.06 |
| Females | $10.07 | $10.68 | $11.18 | $12.09 | $12.34 | $13.52 | |
| Female–to–male earnings ratio | 86% | 90% | 90% | 91% | 88% | 90% |
Public and Private Sector Workers
Women working in the public sector earn an hourly wage of $24.37 which more than women and men in the private sector (Figure 8). The female-to-male earnings ratio is 80% in the public sector; 76% in the private sector.
Figure 9
Composite Hourly Wage, Ontario, 2006
Source: Survey of Labour Income Dynamics
| Public and Private Sector Workers | Hourly Wage |
|---|---|
| Public Sector Male | $30.63 |
| Public Sector Female | $24.37 |
| Private Sector Male | $21.07 |
| Private Sector Female | $15.96 |
Firm Size
Hourly wages are higher in larger firms. However, the female-to-male earnings ratio is similar across the different firm sizes (83 – 84%) (Figure 10).
Figure 10
Average Hourly Wage by Firm Size Ontario, 2008
Source: Labour Force Survey
| Firm Size | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|
| Less than 20 Employees | $18.37 | $15.52 |
| 100 to 500 Employees | $21.02 | $17.35 |
| 20 to 99 Employees | $23.64 | $19.85 |
| More than 500 Employees | $25.64 | $21.42 |
Conclusion: Monitoring Wages in Ontario
Based on this data:
- Overall, in Ontario, women workers are slowly gaining equality compared to men in terms of average hourly wages (by 3 percentage points over the last ten years).
- The female-to-male earnings ratio varies among different groups of workers and wage rates differ depending on worker characteristics (immigrant or disability status) and location in the labour market (public/private, firm size, occupation, unionization).
- Gender wage gaps exist for all of the groups examined.
- It is important that earnings and income data, and wage gap trends for women workers be monitored and the results made accessible and available to social and economic policy professionals and other stakeholder groups with interests in work and social equality.
Appendix
| 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All age groups | 65.2 | 64.6 | 67.8 | 64.8 | 68.1 | 69.7 | 72.7 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 74.9 |
| 15 to 24 years | 81.2 | 83.4 | 85.6 | 84.8 | 87.2 | 95.0 | 86.9 | 92.8 | 82.2 | 89.7 |
| 25 to 34 years | 73.0 | 71.5 | 75.9 | 73.6 | 79.1 | 79.1 | 78.1 | 73.1 | 80.5 | 84.3 |
| 35 to 44 years | 64.4 | 61.6 | 66.4 | 63.4 | 68.6 | 66.7 | 73.1 | 65.4 | 72.8 | 75.1 |
| 45 to 54 years | 58.6 | 62.4 | 59.2 | 59.2 | 62.6 | 68.7 | 67.9 | 66.8 | 67.6 | 65.6 |
| 55 years and over | 61.7 | 59.2 | 60.9 | 58.8 | 55.3 | 58.4 | 70.4 | 63.2 | 68.6 | 76.1 |
| All marital statuses | 65.2 | 64.6 | 67.3 | 64.8 | 68.1 | 69.7 | 72.7 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 74.9 |
| Never married | 95.0 | 90.9 | 94.7 | 87.7 | 87.6 | 97.9 | 92.4 | 91.8 | 98.0 | 93.5 |
| Married | 59.4 | 59.6 | 61.1 | 59.3 | 64.5 | 64.5 | 69.6 | 63.8 | 67.5 | 71.8 |
| Other marital status | 67.2 | 64.9 | 79.7 | 72.6 | 73.1 | 71.0 | 67.8 | 69.8 | 77.0 | 79.0 |
| All education levels | 65.2 | 64.6 | 67.3 | 64.8 | 68.1 | 69.7 | 72.7 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 74.9 |
| Elementary school, 0 to 8 years | 55.0 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 49.0 | 66.2 | 73.4 | 76.6 | 76.3 | 69.3 | 65.3 |
| Some secondary | 62.0 | 63.8 | 65.6 | 68.2 | 60.3 | 66.1 | 62.1 | 73.3 | ||
| Graduated high school | 67.6 | 64.5 | 68.6 | 66.6 | 72.6 | 68.4 | 71.7 | 79.9 | ||
| Some postsecondary | 63.3 | 61.9 | 60.6 | 63.9 | 69.9 | 64.1 | 63.9 | 70.2 | 69.2 | 66.1 |
| Postsecondary certificate or diploma | 70.7 | 63.6 | 68.6 | 67.9 | 68.9 | 73.2 | 73.4 | 69.7 | 72.4 | 67.2 |
| University degree | 71.1 | 75.8 | 72.1 | 72.6 | 71.5 | 70.1 | 76.9 | 68.0 | 76.8 | 77.5 |
| 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All age groups | 69.4 | 71.9 | 66.1 | 67.4 | 67.0 | 68.4 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 70.4 | 71.9 |
| 15 to 24 years | 82.4 | 91.7 | 79.9 | 90.5 | 81.4 | 84.0 | 80.9 | 64.0 | 84.1 | 89.6 |
| 25 to 34 years | 70.0 | 78.9 | 70.9 | 69.4 | 69.1 | 69.6 | 77.7 | 74.3 | 76.2 | 77.7 |
| 35 to 44 years | 77.4 | 75.6 | 63.4 | 63.4 | 68.9 | 72.8 | 68.6 | 68.8 | 76.9 | 74.0 |
| 45 to 54 years | 62.5 | 65.3 | 66.1 | 72.2 | 66.8 | 70.4 | 65.9 | 67.5 | 65.1 | 75.5 |
| 55 years and over | 59.5 | 60.6 | 66.2 | 56.7 | 59.0 | 52.3 | 64.4 | 52.9 | 61.2 | 52.4 |
| All marital statuses | 69.4 | 71.9 | 66.1 | 67.4 | 67.0 | 68.4 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 70.4 | 71.9 |
| Never married | 88.8 | 96.4 | 85.8 | 95.8 | 89.2 | 98.6 | 95.7 | 86.7 | 94.4 | 99.1 |
| Married | 66.2 | 68.5 | 62.3 | 62.4 | 62.5 | 62.9 | 63.4 | 62.6 | 66.7 | 66.5 |
| Other marital status | 73.6 | 73.2 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 77.2 | 69.0 | 75.6 | 82.9 | 61.6 | 71.4 |
| All education levels | 69.4 | 71.9 | 66.1 | 67.4 | 67.0 | 68.4 | 69.3 | 67.3 | 70.4 | 71.9 |
| Elementary school, 0 to 8 years | 66.0 | 56.7 | 65.0 | 58.9 | 52.4 | 70.2 | 61.9 | 57.0 | 55.3 | 72.2 |
| Some secondary | 71.8 | 68.9 | 67.7 | 62.3 | 63.7 | 54.7 | 57.2 | 59.4 | 58.4 | 60.2 |
| Graduated high school | 80.9 | 79.4 | 71.9 | 70.3 | 70.2 | 58.1 | 73.1 | 62.1 | 65.2 | 71.4 |
| Some postsecondary | 65.5 | 69.7 | 67.3 | 73.6 | 65.0 | 72.3 | 75.6 | 74.0 | 75.7 | 81.6 |
| Postsecondary certificate or diploma | 66.8 | 70.2 | 63.0 | 65.7 | 70.8 | 71.3 | 68.3 | 71.2 | 73.0 | 73.9 |
| University degree | 61.8 | 64.3 | 60.9 | 61.9 | 58.1 | 69.3 | 68.3 | 62.2 | 72.6 | 67.7 |
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio, Ontario, Full-time, Full-year Workers
Cansim Table 2020102
[ 1 ] The appendix includes female-to-male earnings ratios based on annual averages for full-time, full-year workers in various categories for reference.
